Scotch Argus returns

I was really excited to find a Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops, flying in our garden in August last year. This left me wondering if there is a colony somewhere close by, or if there has always been a small colony in our woodland. I watched it laying eggs in the grass and then didn't dare cut the grass in that area for the next 12 months!!

On 11th August this year, despite the weather, I spotted a Scotch Argus in exactly the same place. It was rather the worse for wear and looked as though it was at least a week old.

It was a female again, but I didn't see it laying eggs. It was still flying in the same area the following day.

Two days later I saw another Scotch Argus flying down near the wild flower meadow I am trying to develop.

I still haven't found the answer to my question of where these butterflies have come from. I had been hoping to explore likely habitats in the area this summer, but sadly good weather never coincided with my days off. I am aware of an old record in the next little valley a kilometre away and someone has told me that they are found about five kilometres from here, further up the valley. I hope I will be able to explore both of these areas next August.

Wildflower Meadow

Over  the last 18 months we have been enjoying creating various habitats for wildlife at our new house in the Scottish Borders. Some of these projects are more ambitious than others.

There is an area of rough grassland when you first arrive at our property. On one side of the drive it has never been cut and is just left to do as it wants. I spent a lot of time last winter levelling off the larger area of ground on the other side of the drive in an attempt to create a wild flower meadow.

I planted a hedge along our boundary hoping it would provide some shelter as well as flowers for insects and fruit for birds. It hasn't done very well as rabbits and deer have been enjoying nibbling at it! But, hopefully, it will slowly develop. I have even planted Alder Buckthorn in it, hoping that Brimstones may one day venture up here!

I bought a scythe mower and last autumn cut half of the area. This machine is great and it cut right down below the thatch, meaning that I was able to remove almost all of the vegetable matter once it had dried out and shed any seeds there may have been.

I left the other half to provide somewhere for invertebrates to over-winter and to provide a bit of variety.

Things haven't gone as smoothly as I had hoped. The harsh haircut appears to have not been appreciated by all of the wild flower species. So far this year I can find no Knapweed in the area I have cut.

Also, over the winter we had an area of Spruce woodland cut down. Unfortunately, this coincided with a very wet period and the foresters decided that the meadow would make a great turning circle. We ended up with ruts over a foot deep, which would make cutting almost impossible. A neighbour was kind enough to level the ground off again with a 360 digger, but it is still not as flat as I would like.

The ground is clearly more fertile than is ideal, but by continuing to cut and remove the hay, we will slowly reduce the fertility and therefore the vigour of the grasses and larger plants.

I was delighted this year to find Yellow Rattle growing and flowering. I planted seed last year, but didn't think it had been successful. However, I think it must have been and it had self-seeded and regrown this year. Yellow Rattle is hemi-parasitic and its roots penetrate the roots of grasses to absorb the nutrients. This results in the grass thinning and provides more space for wild flowers to grow.

Despite it being so early in the life of the wildflower meadow, I am amazed at how much wildlife it is attracting already. So far this year I have found three sets of Small Tortoiseshell caterpillars and two large groups of Peacock caterpillars in the nettles.

There have been loads of Common Blue and Large Red Damselflies and I was very surprised to see a Broad-bodied Chaser last week.

Ringlets have appeared over the last three days, with there being more than 20 there today. There were a lot of Orange Tips and Green-veined Whites earlier in the year and more recently Red Admirals. I watched one visiting several nettles and realised that it was laying eggs.

I am not very good at identifying moths, but there have been several Silver-ys and Lattice Heaths in the meadow, a Buff-tip yesterday and today I saw a Chimney Sweeper.

Yesterday, I was amazed to see a Northern Brown Argus just next to the house and later I saw a Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary just next to the meadow. And of course, there was the Scotch Argus that I saw here last year laying eggs. I can't wait to see if there will be more Scotch Argus this year.

Later on yesterday I saw a Painted Lady laying eggs and today's excitement was a Large Skipper. The garden tick list is going from strength to strength!!

So, despite things not all going entirely to plan this area has already started to attract a great deal of wildlife. I can't wait to see what else I find there.

Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops

On 25th August last year,  I was walking through our wood at our house in the Scottish Borders, when I noticed a small, dark butterfly in the grass next to me. I dropped everything I was holding and ran down to the house for my glasses and camera.

Luckily it was still there when I returned and I was astonished to discover that it was a Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops. The reason I had been exploring the neighbouring valley, Lewinshope, a couple of weeks earlier  was that I had found a record of Scotch Argus from ten years ago from there, but now here was a Scotch Argus in my garden!

I am now at a loss as to whether this individual has flown over from Lewinshope, if there is another colony somewhere else close by, or if they have been living undiscovered in the grass next to our house. I think this is unlikely, as my father, who used to live here was a biologist and he kept detailed records of the plants and animals he had seen there.

I followed the Scotch Argus to try to get a picture of the upper side of the wings to ensure I wasn't mistaken with its identity. I was even more amazed to see it laying eggs.

Now I won't be able to cut the grass there and I excitedly await this August to see if any of its offspring survive. I will also be checking the Lewinshope Valley again and any other likely areas to see if there is a colony close by.

Some local butterflies

We have recently moved house, which was in itself a long process, having inherited the house from my father four years ago, then waiting for my daughter to finish her high school exams, whilst planning alterations to the house, appointing an architect, applying for planning permission and having the building work done. We were lucky to have moved a week before the Covid-19 lock-down, but the building work stopped before completion and there has been much sorting and painting to do in the last four weeks. I realise that my blog is completely behind and I have much to catch up on, so here is a start with some local butterflies from last summer.

In July last year I surveyed a couple of areas close to our house for Northern Brown Argus, Aricia artaxerxes, and their food plant, Rockrose, Helianthemum nummularium. It is great that there is a project to survey and improve the habitat in this part of the Scottish Borders and I enjoyed exploring the countryside around our new home.

I was aware of a large area of Rockrose in the wee valley above our house, but as I walked over to the next valley, I was pleased to find quite a bit of Rockrose and several colonies of Northern Brown Argus.

There were also many other interesting butterflies. As I was walking out of the valley I met a lady driving up the track. She said she lived three miles up the track and I told her what I was doing. She said that there are lots of butterflies there in the summer and she suggested I should walk the three miles to the top of the valley.

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillaries

Green-veined White

So, two weeks later I followed her advice and discovered a beautiful walk, with loads of lovely habitat along the length of the valley. It was quite a windy day and there weren't as many butterflies flying as I had seen previously, other than hundreds of Peacocks. However, I did see an Otter, various dragonflies and damselflies and an Adder.

Dark Green Fritillary

Common Blue female

Comma

Peacock

Painted Lady

While I was walking there I remembered that I had seen an old record that Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops, in the valley. I didn't know exactly where, but I did find some areas that looked very promising.

I hope to be able to walk there again this year, a little earlier in the season to see what I can find and I will check the map reference of those previous Scotch Argus records before I go. Let's hope the lock-down doesn't last too long. 

East Lothian Butterflies 2019 Part 2

Continuing on from my previous post ...

Small Copper, Lycaena phlaeas

The Small Copper started the year very well. The first one was recorded on 17th April and two more were seen the following day. The first generation did very well and the second generation started earlier than normal and was seen in good numbers until the middle of August, when numbers crashed. It seems that the periods of heavy rain knocked numbers down. The last Small Copper was recorded on 20th September, six weeks earlier than last year.

Wall Brown, Lasiommata megera

As with many other species in 2019 the Wall Brown appeared early and the spring generation was larger than we would normally expect. Although the summer generation was larger than the spring generation, it was closer to the average number that we have seen over the last few years.

Holly Blue, Celastrina argiolus

The most exciting news of the year was the discovery of a colony of Holly Blues in Gullane. Every year for the last ten years we have had one or two records of Holly Blues. There had been a colony at Newhailes for a number of years, but I don't think they have been seen there since 2013. The other records had all been in the Gullane to North Berwick area and I always thought there must be a colony hidden in a large garden somewhere in the area. On 20th April a Holly Blue was seen near the coast in Gullane and despite careful searching of the area is wasn't seen again. However, on 3rd August another record came in from outside a garden in the village. Over the next few days several other records from the same area were reported with up to seven individuals being seen there. Nine days later another small colony was found in Gullane about 700 metres away. The last record received was from Archerfield about one and a half kilometres away.

All of these records were from quite public areas, so I doubt they are the location of the original mystery colony. It will be really interesting to see how things develop over the next few years.

Green Hairstreak, Callophrys rubi

The Green Hairstreak is found in a few remote colonies around East Lothian, mostly in the Lammermuir Hills. Because of this we don't get many records. The most easily reached site where they are found is Saltoun Wood, but this colony has suffered a serious decline. There had been a fire there early last year and this year we only recorded three individuals in that area. The three records we received were on 30th April, 15th May and 9th June.

Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus

2019 was a good year for Small Heaths. It was notable hat they did particularly well in the summer generation. The first record was on 10th May and they were seen through to the 7th September.

Common Blue, Polyommatus icarus

Common Blue did very well in 2019. The first record was on 24th May and I received almost double the normal number of records. As has been noted with other species, it is the year after a good season that the number of butterflies increases.

Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina

Meadow Browns also did very well in 2019. I was surprised that we didn’t see more in 2018 when we had such good weather, but I realise that the number we see reflects the weather of the previous year. The first record in 2019 was on 18th June. They had quite a short season, but were seen in greater numbers than in the previous six years.

Ringlet, Aphantpopus hyperantus

The number of Ringlets recorded in 2019 was about average, but they were condensed into a shorter season than normal. The first record was on 18th June and they were initially slow to build up their numbers. However, they peaked in the middle of July and then quickly dropped away, with the last record being on the 15th August.

Small Skipper, Thymelicus sylvestris

The Small Skipper has been increasing in number year on year, since it was first discovered in East Lothian in 2011. The trend continued in 2019 when we received records of 677 skippers, an increase of over 50% on the previous year. The first record was on 22nd June and they were seen in great numbers in July. They are also continuing to extend their range in East Lothian.

Dark Green Fritillary, Argynnis aglaja

Dark Green Fritillaries had an amazing year in 2019 with almost twice the normal number being seen. The first record was on 23rd June and they were recorded until 10th August. Dark Green Fritillaries are mostly found on coastal sites in East Lothian but can also be found in one or two remote valleys in the Lammermuir Hills.

Grayling, Hypparchia semele

Grayling are found in three locations in East Lothian. One of these is very remote cleugh in the Lammermuirs and I didn't receive any records from there this year. The other two sites are at Blindwells and Meadowmill. The Blindwells site is about to be lost to a large housing development, but thankfully the contractors have fenced off the area where the Grayling are found. However, this remains a very small area surrounded by earth moving equipment. Amazingly, on the only occasion anyone was able to visit there, they recorded 13 Graylings flying. A few hundred yards away at Meadowmill Graylings were recorded in much greater numbers than in previous years. The first record was on 26th June and records of over 400 Graylings were received.

Northern Brown Argus, Aricia artaxeres

Northern Brown Argus are only known to exist in four small colonies in East Lothian. They are all quite remote and isolated, so take a bit of dedication to get to. Because of this I only received one record of a Northern Brown Argus on the 20th July. I know they did very well in the Scottish Borders and I have no reason to believe that they wouldn't have done well here, too.

I didn't receive any records for Large Skippers in 2019, but I think they will still be out there along the foothills of the Lammermuirs. Neither did I receive any records of Small Pearl Bordered Fritillaries. They are only known from a couple of sites in East Lothian and we never get records of more than one or two in a good year! Given the prolonged period of great weather earlier in the summer I was surprised that we didn't receive any records of Clouded Yellows or any other unusual migrants.

Once again, I want to send a big thank you to everyone who sent in their records to me last year. The combined efforts of everyone creates a very good picture of how butterflies are doing in East Lothian.

East Lothian Butterflies 2019 Part 1

There was a very clear correlation between the weather and number of butterflies seen in East Lothian in 2019. After a reasonably mild winter there was an unseasonably warm week at the end of February with temperatures reaching 16 degrees. Then it was cold again until the end of March. At the end of April we experienced an even warmer week with temperatures of 26 degrees. However, we still experienced a few hard frosts in May. The remainder of the year was quite reasonable, but it was interspersed with very heavy rain showers. The butterfly season ended abruptly at the end of October when the weather turned cool and wet.

Other than a couple of hardy Peacocks that appeared in January, the warm week in February brought out a flurry of species. We had seen seven species before the end of February, which must be a record for East Lothian. Things then went very quiet until the third week in March when the butterfly season truly started. Most species did very well in 2019, probably as a result of the very good weather in 2018 allowing the early stages of the butterflies to survive in good numbers. However, from July through to September there were occasional very heavy periods of rain which had a dramatic impact on butterfly numbers.

Despite having fewer people recording butterflies than the last few years we had a record 20,598 butterflies recorded in 2019 (16,875 in 2018). This was helped considerably by the enormous number of Painted Ladies that arrived on our shores in June and July, but even without them we had almost as many butterflies as in 2018.

Peacock, Aglais io

The first butterfly recorded in East Lothian in 2019 was a Peacock seen at Aberlady Local Nature Reserve on 11th January. A second Peacock was seen at Levenhall Links three days later. Peacocks have been recorded in increasingly high numbers over the last seven years, with 2019 being the best year yet. Numbers peaked in mid August, but then dropped very quickly again to single figures by the start of September.

Small Tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae

The Small Tortoiseshells waited until the warm week in February to show, with the first record being on the 17^th. They have been declining in numbers over the last few years. However, 2019 saw a bit of a revival in numbers when the new generation emerged towards the end of July. As usual, they quickly disappeared with many of them heading into hibernation surprisingly early in the season.

Comma, Polygonia c-album

The number of records of Commas has gradually been increasing since they were first recorded in East Lothian in 2001. However, they declined significantly 2016 presumably as a result of the lousy summer. Since then they have been picking up and in 2019 the recovery continued. The first Comma was seen on 25th February and, like the Small Tortoiseshell, their number peaked for a week at the end of August and then very quickly they disappeared. It will be interesting to see how many return next spring after their hibernation.

Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui

The big story of 2019 was the arrival on our shores of an enormous number of Painted Ladies. These came in two waves. The first at the beginning of June when we were amazed at the number of Painted Ladies being seen. But that was nothing compared with the number that arrived at the end of July when they were seen in their hundreds. Some of these would have been the young of the previous arrivals, but most of them were seen flying in from the sea. They were also noted flying in a very

definite westerly direction and records were received from all over Scotland including the Outer Hebrides.

I was interested to learn that Painted Ladies had done similarly well in the USA in 2019. So, on both sides of the Atlantic conditions must have been just right throughout the lives of four or five generations of butterflies.

I received records of 5395 Painted Ladies in 2019, a big difference from an average of about 80 over the last six years.

Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria

The exceptionally mild week in February also brought about a remarkably early record for the Speckled Wood. In fact two were seen on February 26th basking in the sun on the coast at Prestonpans. There was another record on 22nd March. We normally wouldn't expect to see a Speckled Wood here until the middle of April, which is when we started to see them again in 2019. I can only imagine that the three early records were individuals that had benefited from the long summer of 2018 and had formed chrysalises late in the autumn.

The spring populations appeared in higher numbers than in previous years and I was expecting to see bumper numbers later in the summer. However, the heavy rains that we experienced appeared to knock Speckled Woods quite hard.

There were fewer Speckled Woods recorded in 2019 than in the previous year, but they are still doing well in East Lothian.

Small White, Pieris rapae

After such a great year for Small Whites in 2018 I was expecting to see great things in 2019. And it was a good year, but just not as good a year as last year! In 2018 we had records of almost 3500 Small Whites, but in 2019 we recorded 950. However, this is still good when compared with the average for the previous five years of about 360.

The first Small White seen in 2019 was on the 27th February. A good five or six weeks earlier than we would normally expect. The rest of the season was much as expected with a summer population about five times as great as the spring population.

Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta

The first Red Admiral record of 2019 was on 27th February. This was most likely an individual that had survived the mild winter. There were a few more records in March and April, but it was the first week of June when they started to arrive on our coasts, about three days ahead of the first wave of Painted Ladies. There was another spike in numbers at the end of August, which could have been the next generation. Red Admirals continued to be seen in good numbers until the end of October.

Orange Tip, Anthocharis cardamines

Orange Tips did very well again in 2019. This was probably a result of the great year they had in 2018. They were fortunate that their flight period was before the heavy showers started, so the weather was kind to them.

The first Orange Tip of 2019 was seen on 31st March, about a week earlier than normal.

Green-veined White, Pieris napi

The first Green-veined White was also seen on 31st March. The spring population was a lot larger than average, with the summer generation just being a little more than normal.

Large White, Pieris brassicae

The Large White has never been as numerous as the Small White or Green-veined White. 2019 was a fairly average year for them, which is a little surprising considering how well they did in 2018. The first record was on 11th April and they were recorded through to the 28th September.

I'll continue with the rest of the butterflies seen in 2019 in my next post.