Costa Rica Butterflies November 2024 - Part 3

Continuing from my previous post.

Other butterflies seen around the grounds, but which didn’t stop for long enough to photograph included the Apricot Sulphur, Phoebis argante, Broad-banded Swallowtail, Heraclides pallas, the Zebra Heliconian, Heliconius charithonia and the Julia Heliconian, Dryas iulia. Although I would have loved to have managed to photograph these species, it was fantastic just seeing them.

Of course there were so many more butterflies that I saw flying past, but had absolutely no idea what they were!

On the first morning I walked down to the beach and saw an enormous yellow butterfly flying around the trees and landing on the sand. It took a lot of stalking, but eventually I managed to get a photograph by waiting next to one particular spot it kept returning to. The pictures allowed me to confirm that it was an Orange-barred Sulphur, Phoebis philea. I soon learned to recognise these as they flew past with their rapid flight and orange mark on the upper forewing.

There were also a couple of skippers down there, but I will skippers for a separate post!

In a dark, shady area of the resort there were three Lyside Sulphurs, Kircogonia lyside, laying eggs on a couple of spindly shrubs. I struggled to get a picture because of a lack of light and they hardly stopped moving.

I also saw these on the track opposite the hotel where I was able to get a better picture.

The lovely little Black Patch, Chlosyne lacinia, was regularly seen flying around the hotel grounds. It had a very slow flight, with rapid shallow wing beats, that made it look as though it was floating. Unfortunately it always landed high up in the trees, but I managed to snap this distant shot from the balcony.

Two other interesting butterflies that I saw high in the trees from my balcony were both Metalmarks. Unfortunately they are only just identifiable from the pictures. This one is a Curved-winged Metalmark, Emesis emesiaq.

The other was the Rusty Metalmark, Synargis mycone.

I saw quite a number of Malachites, Siproeta stelenes, flying around the hotel grounds. All those that landed were quite worn, so I didn't take any pictures, because I had photographed a lovely one on the track outside the hotel. Actually, I did see a lovely fresh Malachite at the hotel, but of course this was when I was swimming in the pool!

Most days, if there was sun, I would usually see two or three White Peacocks, Anartia jatrophae, at the hotel. I saw one of these a few years ago in St Lucia, but it had a chunk missing from its wings, so I was pleased to see so many here.

In my next post I will talk about the butterflies I saw on the track opposite the hotel.

Costa Rica Butterflies November 2024 - Part 2

It is difficult to know where to start with the butterflies I saw on this trip. As I said previously the weather was far from ideal for butterfly watching and we were unable to travel inland because the national parks were all closed and many of the roads were impassable because of flooding.

The hotel grounds were lovely, with about 25 acres of tropical gardens with swimming pools meandering through the site. There were quite a few mature trees in the grounds creating a variety of habitats.

We were very lucky with our room, having a corner balcony at the side of the resort, meaning that we were up amongst the trees. Not only did this mean that we had regular visits from Capuchin monkeys, but it gave me a great vantage point to look for butterflies!

On the first morning we were up at sunrise and within an hour I had seen ten different species of butterflies fly past. Not that I could actually identify them at that stage.

The first I saw was a Confusing Sister, Adelpha iphicleola. This had a really rapid flight and always tended to land high in the vegetation, just out of view! Over the holiday I saw quite a few of these and many of them were missing chunks from their hind winds, presumably from birds or lizards taking a bite out of them!

Next up was the Cloudless Sulphur, Phoebis marcellina. I had seen quite a few medium-sized bright yellow butterflies flying around the resort and it was a few days into our holiday before one landed and allowed me to confirm its identification. This one is a male that I snapped on my phone from the pool!

These used to be thought to be a subspecies of Phoebis sennae, but were separated in 2020 following DNA barcode studies. Phoebis marcellina occurs from California to Argentina and sennae occurs from Florida across the Caribbean islands. The picture below is of a female.

I had also noticed another enormous white butterfly with a yellow flash on its wing flying around. It turned out to be the White Angled Sulphur, Anteos clorinde. This was one of the most common butterflies at the hotel and they would often be seen feeding high up on flowering trees and shrubs. They reminded me of a super-sized Brimstone!

I kept seeing a little brown butterfly flying around the shrubs and flower beds. They tended to be very active and easily disturbed. However, I did manage a few distant shots which allowed me to identify them. These were the Hermes Satyr, Hermeuptychia sosybuis. A species that was separated from the Carolina Satyr, Hermeuptychia intricata, in 2014. The former species is considered to be a South American butterfly and the latter North American.

Apparently the most common butterfly in Costa Rica is the Banded Peacock, Anartia fatima. It certainly seemed quite common around the resort and surrounding area.

I was really delighted on my first morning to see a Pale-banded Crescent, Phyciodes tulcis. These were a lot smaller than I had imagined when I had seen pictures of them, only having a wingspan of about 30 to 35mm.

I had read a lot in the past about Cracker butterflies. Something I had considered to be such an exciting tropical butterfly. I had heard that they make a cracking sound when two males are flying around disputing territories. In fact the first I knew of them was hearing a sort of electrical sparking sound above my head as I walked through some trees. They usually land on a favourite sunny tree trunk, usually head facing down. It wasn’t long before I learned which were their favourite trees that they returned to day after day. All of those I saw at the hotel were the Guatemalan Cracker, Hamadryas guatemalena.

As I said in my previous post you really need to take photographs of the butterflies in order to positively identify them, as there are so many similar species. Because there were so many butterflies flying during the sunny spells while we were there it isn’t surprising that I spotted a lot while I was swimming in the pools! With no time to rush back to get my camera, I had to try to study any butterflies I saw in order to try to remember any identifying features. It was interesting that it was quite easy to approach them, as I would be low in the water and they were often just above head height on the tropical plants surrounding the pools. Amongst those that I was able to remember well enough to positively identify were Thoas Swallowtail, Papilio thoas. This is very similar to the Giant Swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes, but it can be separated by the number of dots on the trailing edge of the fore wing. I also saw a Pink-spotted Cattleheart, Parides photinus, and my favourite the Queen, Danaus gilippus, which was like a less stripy Monarch, but with a more intense background colour.

I will continue with more butterflies from the hotel grounds in my next post.

Costa Rica Butterflies November 2024 - Part 1

Where to start with our trip to Costa Rica last November? It wasn't exactly the holiday of a lifetime that we expected, but it was a fantastic experience nonetheless.

We should have realised when the pilot informed us that our flight would be landing a little later than expected because we would have to fly around Tropical Cyclone Sara. I never imagined that the deep depression over the Gulf of Mexico, which slowly moved west and north, would have such an impact on the weather in western Costa Rica. We didn't get much wind at all, but what we did get was rain! Lots of rain! The first few mornings were cloudy with occasional sunny spells turning to rain by about 11am which would continue for much of the day.

We visited Nicaragua on the fourth day of our holiday where the weather was reasonably dry, but on our drive back our guide informed us that it had rained all day in Costa Rica and that the road back to our hotel was flooded. Luckily the water had reduced enough by the time we passed to allow us to get back safely.

For the next three days the rain just didn't stop. We were told that in that time as much rain had fallen as would normally fall in a whole year in that area. There were mud slides and flooding causing great damage to the roads and airport. The weather slowly improved after that, but there wasn't a day without some rain and it was only on the last day of our two-week holiday that we had a sunny morning with cloudless skies!

I say two-week holiday, but the rain caused damage to the runway at the airport, so many flights in and out were cancelled. Luckily the airport opened the day after our flight was due, so we were only delayed by one day.

We were staying right up in the north west of Costa Rica, very close to the Nicaraguan border. This is a coastal area of "dry forest" - mostly deciduous trees. We were there right at the end of the rainy season and should have expected a heavy shower maybe every second afternoon.

Unfortunately, the weather also meant that the national parks were all closed, so we didn't have an opportunity to venture into the cloud forest or any other parts of Costa Rica. Therefore, butterfly viewings were restricted to what I saw in the mornings at the resort, or along a track opposite the entrance to the hotel.

However, the few sunny spells we had really showed the potential for butterflies. I was amazed that after a day or two of non-stop rain, as soon as the sun came out butterflies would take to the air. They must be expert at finding good sheltered spots. I also noticed that about ten minutes before the rain started all the butterflies disappeared, so they seemed to know when the rain was about to come.

In the mornings, when it wasn't raining there were almost always butterflies in view. The hotel had enormous grounds with meandering swimming pools surrounded by tropical gardens. It was mostly various shades of yellow, or white butterflies that were flying around there interspersed with all sorts of other shapes, colours and sizes. By the afternoon there were fewer butterflies around.

There was also an amazing variety of other wildlife that frequented the hotel grounds and surrounding forest. The air was always full of bird song and other strange noises, including the roar of Howler Monkeys. White-faced Capuchin Monkeys paid regular visits to the hotel and its grounds and I saw Spider Monkeys just outside the hotel. There were several other mammals and also various Iguanas, Lizards and Skinks all around.

Despite the weather and limited search area, I still managed to identify 68 different species of butterflies and I saw many more fly past that were impossible to identify. Given that over 1,800 species of butterflies have been recorded in Costa Rica along with over 12,000 moths, it is understandable that butterflies need to be clearly photographed in order to identify them. Further complication is added by the enormous number of mimic species of both butterflies and moths and that a number of species have wet and dry season forms and males and females that look completely different!

On that final sunny morning I couldn't believe the number of butterflies flying everywhere and I saw several species that I hadn't seen in the previous two weeks. And on the drive to the airport there were all sorts of amazing butterflies flying along the edges of the roads. I can hardly imagine how many more species I would have been able to see had the weather been better and we could have travelled to different areas of the country.

Over the next few posts I will show the butterflies I managed to photograph.

East Lothian Butterflies 2024 - Part 2

Continued from my previous post.

The number of Small Skippers recorded took a dip after they have been increasing since they were first recorded in East Lothian in 2011.

Large Skippers are now found all across East Lothian, but we only receive a few records. I think it is quite a difficult butterfly to spot and identify as it zips about between flowers.

Ringlet numbers were a little lower than average, but nothing significant. 

However, Meadow Brown numbers were down to about 75% of the average.

Holly Blue numbers crashed. After the odd sighting for many years their numbers have increased since 2019. They started off very well in the spring of 2024, but the summer generation was very much lower than expected. Across England the annual population fluctuates in response to a parasitic wasp. This wasp was discovered in 2024 by a local enthusiast who had reared some Holly Blues, only for some to fail with wasps appearing from the chrysalises.

There are a number of small, isolated colonies of Northern Brown Argus across East Lothian. They are found north of Traprain, east of Dunbar and in the Lammermuirs. Some of the known colonies may have died out and there are likely more undiscovered locations. Because of their remote locations we struggle to monitor how they are doing. In 20224 the Countryside Rangers received funding to plant Rockrose at a coastal site and they worked with Bear Scotland to plant up a south-facing road verge. Once these are established they will hopefully these will provide stepping stones between the existing colonies. 

Grayling butterflies continue to be found at three semi-urban sites. Sadly two of these locations are being developed, so I suspect we may lose those colonies. The exciting new was that there was a Grayling photographed on North Berwick Law last summer and they were also seen in the Lammermuirs.

The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary is a rare butterfly in East Lothian, but they are found in a couple of locations in the Lammermuir Hills. They were seen in one of the Lammermuir valleys last summer.

And finally, hairstreaks! We have long been aware of a few small colonies of Green Hairstreaks around East Lothian. They are mostly in quite remote locations in the Lammermuirs, so I don't often receive records of them. There was a colony in Saltoun Big Wood, but there have been no Green Hairstreaks recorded there in the last few years, since there was a fire in the small area of woodland where they were found.

Having found adult Purple Hairstreaks in 2022 at Woodhall and Dunglass, two enthusiasts returned to East Lothian to search for eggs last winter. They did a very thorough job collecting carrier bags full of terminal buds from fallen Oak twigs and branches and searching them with a magnifying glass to look for eggs. Amazingly they were successful in finding eggs in six woodland across East Lothian. The adult butterfly rarely leave the top of mature Oak trees, where they can be seen flying in the late afternoon and early evening. Despite a lot of effort searching these woods in the past Purple Hairstreaks haven't previously been recorded in these locations.

Probably the most exciting news of 2024 was the sighting of a White-letter Hairstreak in a garden in Haddington. This is the first sighting of this species in East Lothian. They have made their way out of Northumberland and into the Scottish Borders over the last few years, mostly along the Tweed Valley. So, this is a big jump for the species. However, one was also recorded in Edinburgh and another in Dundee. It is fascinating to consider how these butterflies have spread so far, or if they have been there for a while. It will be interesting to see how they do over the next few years.

It certainly wasn't a great year for butterflies, but I think East Lothian probably did better than the UK as a whole, with one or two species actually appearing in good numbers. Some of the species such as Meadow Brown, Comma and Red Admiral did amazingly well in 2023, so the lower numbers in 2024 are almost to be expected.

Certainly I noticed that numbers where I live in the Borders were pretty similar to East Lothian. Given the wet summer that we had it isn't really surprising that numbers were a bit down. The next few years will give a better idea of how things are going. Let's hope for some decent weather!!

As always, thank you very much to everyone who took part in a transect or who sent in records. I am always delighted to receive them.

East Lothian Butterflies 2024 - Part 1

There has been a lot in the national press about how badly butterflies have done in 2024. Certainly the weather wasn't ideal for them, but looking through the records I have received, I am surprised that things in East Lothian weren't as bad as I was expecting. Some species did well while others were seen in very low numbers. It is difficult to know why this should be.

The year started off with quite a mild, but stormy winter. Much of the spring and summer was cooler, with a lot more cloud and showers than normal. Of course, there were a few sunny days, but the weather really didn't improve until September, which was a little late for the butterflies!!

There is no perfect way of recording butterflies. Transects are great for comparing year on year for the same location, but in East Lothian they are mostly coastal, with two along the River Tyne. The ad hoc records are from all over the county and can pick up all sorts of interesting records. However, there is a lot of luck involved with being in the right place at the right time. They can also result in big spikes because a lot of enthusiasts, including myself, may be out on the same sunny day looking for butterflies!

Poor weather not only means that butterflies may not be flying, but also enthusiasts may not be out looking for them! However, it is amazing how quickly butterflies will appear when the sun does come out but they may go unnoticed if recorders aren’t out and about!

The records I have gathered are from ten transects that are currently walked in East Lothian along with ad hoc records from the East Lothian Countryside Rangers and about 20 volunteers. This gives a pretty good indication of butterfly numbers and can be compared with the previous 11 years when about the same number of people have been submitting records.

The first butterfly record I received from East Lothian was a Peacock on 16th February. This was quite early, possibly reflecting the mild winter. Peacocks did quite well in East Lothian with high numbers been seen later in the year.

In contrast the Small Tortoiseshell had a very poor year. Their numbers have been declining in recent years, with 2024 returning half the average number in East Lothian and it was the worst year for them since I started these comparisons in 2013. This is a worrying trend that has been seen across the UK.

The Red Admiral also had a very poor year. We had a few early records, which may have been butterflies that had survived the winter here. The arrival of migrants was a couple of weeks later than normal and then we had lower numbers later in the year when normally we would expect to see the next generation.

The figures for Commas in 2024 would suggest it was a fairly average year for them. However, a good proportion of the records were from three counts of over 20 Commas that were recorded in one particular woodland in September.

2024 was the worst year since I started collating the records for Painted Ladies. I only received 14 records of them and I haven't seen one in the UK for the last two years. The numbers that make it to our shores depend on how their relatives have done earlier in the year on their multi-generational journey from Northern Africa. In good years, such as 2019 their numbers can be spectacular.

Orange Tips had a very good year. They appeared a little later than normal, but were seen in good numbers.

Interestingly the spring population of the Green-veined White and Large White were lower than normal, but their numbers picked up for the summer generation. So, both species ended up being recorded in fairly normal numbers.

Small White numbers can vary enormously from year to year. 2024 numbers ended up being just a little less than average.

One of our more recent arrivals (2009), the Speckled Wood, had a fairly normal year.

The Wall Brown, which arrived about the same time, peaked in numbers in 2021, but has since been declining. 2024 saw about a quarter of the number recorded in 2021. There has been a dramatic reduction in numbers of this species in England and although it appeared to be moving north in response to climate change it will be interesting to see what happens to the East Lothian population in the coming years.

The Small Copper had a very poor year, with the lowest number since I started collating butterfly records. 2024 saw about a third of the average number.

Two species that appeared to have a very good year were Common Blues and Dark Green Fritillaries. They both tend to live in similar habitats and fly in June till August.

However, another species that inhabits similar landscapes is the Small Heath. Sadly they had a poor year, which is a little difficult to understand.

I will continue this on the next post.